Built environment

Land uses that involve high levels of interference with natural processes, generally in association with the built environment of closer settlement and supporting infrastructure. The level of intervention may be high enough to completely remodel the natural landscape – the vegetation, surface and groundwater systems, and land surface.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/built_environment · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Active outdoor recreation and/or tourism outside of urban areas that is not captured in other land-use categories may be captured under 3.2.1 Outdoor recreation, though may still retain much natural character.

3.1.0 Residential

Land uses primarily designated for private, long-term human habitation, encompassing a variety of housing types and densities.

#815E5B

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/residential · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

The class includes holidays homes, retirement villages, student hostels and other forms of low-turnover or longer-term accommodation, even if these are run commercially. Shorter- term forms of accommodation (motels, hotels, holiday parks, etc.) are captured under ‘3.3.0 Commercial’ or ‘3.3.3 Hospitality’

Usage note

Some alignment with the National Planning Standards (Zone Framework Standard) (MfE 2019) has been considered in the development of the subclasses. This information (as at time of classification) should be captured in the zone attribute to allow for some reclassification and specification.

3.1.1 High-density residential

#4C3B39

Areas characterised by a high concentration of housing units per unit of land area, typically in multi-storey buildings or high-rise developments, often found in urban centres supporting high population density.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/high_density_residential · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.1.2 Medium-density residential

#644E4C

Areas featuring a moderate concentration of housing units per unit of land area, often in suburban or semi-urban settings.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/medium_density_residential · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Alignment to the Medium Density Residential Standards (MfE 2022) should be considered.

Example

Townhouses, terraced housing, low-rise apartments.

3.1.3 Low-density residential

#815E5B

Residential properties within urban boundaries that fall within large-lot or low-density residential zones and are often single-family, one- to two- storey houses with yards and landscaping and lower population density.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/low_density_residential · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.1.4 Rural residential

#A87A76

Residential properties with low-intensity (non-commercial) land management practices on land in rural or peri-urban areas.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/rural_residential · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Typically featuring larger parcel sizes amidst agricultural or natural surroundings. Concordant with the ‘Rural lifestyle zone’ from the Zone Framework Standard.

Usage note

As a general guideline, properties with a dwelling, and between 0.4 ha and 2 ha in size, should be considered rural residential. Larger properties should be considered under class 2, especially if the zone context is non-residential, and even if they are declared residential or lifestyle in the District Valuation Roll.

Usage note

Properties in this size interval and without a dwelling could be in transition to residential.

3.2.0 Public recreation and services

Land designated for recreational facilities and community amenities, serving recreational needs and essential functions of the local population.

#C19878

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/public_recreation_services · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.2.1 Outdoor recreation

#C19878

Land areas dedicated to leisure activities conducted in natural or semi-natural settings, typically with considerable unsealed vegetated areas.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/outdoor_recreation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Parks or reserves with a high level of native bush or that are protected areas should be classified under class 1.

Scope note

The specific identification of this land is intended to enable more ready identification of urban green space. However, this category may also be used to identify developed recreational areas that fall outside urban boundaries, such as mountain-bike parks.

Example

Parks, trails, sportsgrounds, camping grounds, zoos, botanic gardens, recreational reserves.

3.2.2 Indoor recreation

#958273

Facilities designed for recreational activities conducted within enclosed or semi-enclosed structures.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/indoor_recreation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Sports centres, gyms, swimming pools, indoor arenas.

3.2.3 Community services

#E09962

Land used for providing essential services and facilities to support the local community.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/community_services · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Educational institutions, public healthcare facilities, libraries, museums, courts, prisons, civic buildings, emergency services, marae, religious buildings, cemeteries.

3.3.0 Commercial

Land in a built environment context used for private-sector economic activities, including retail, office, hospitality, entertainment, healthcare, transportation, and warehousing.

#B8C2CE

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/commercial · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Usage note

Central government offices when these are privately rented should be captured in this category, even if they are public-facing.

3.3.1 Retail

Areas used for the sale of goods and services directly to consumers.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/retail · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Shops, supermarkets, shopping malls, convenience stores, suburban dairies, and other retail outlets.

3.3.2 Office

Land and buildings primarily used for administrative, professional, or managerial activities.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/office · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Corporate offices, professional services, banks, government buildings, business parks, coworking spaces.

3.3.3 Hospitality

Land and buildings providing accommodation, food, and beverage services to the public.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/hospitality · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Hotels, motels, resorts, bed and breakfast establishments, restaurants, bars, nightclubs.

3.3.4 Entertainment

Land areas and facilities offering leisure and recreational activities for public enjoyment.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/entertainment · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Cinemas, theatres, amusement parks, casinos, concert venues.

3.3.5 Healthcare

Land dedicated to providing private medical services aimed at diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness or injury.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/healthcare · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Hospitals, specialist clinics, physiotherapists, medical offices, laboratories

3.3.6 Transportation & warehousing

Privately owned land associated with the movement and storage of goods, including distribution centres, warehouses, logistics facilities, car dealerships, and commercial parking lots.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/transportation_warehousing_commercial · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Excludes airports, ports, roads, and train stations (captured under 3.6.0)

3.4.0 Manufacturing and industrial

Land uses dedicated to production, processing, and industrial activities, contributing to the production of goods and materials for commercial purposes.

#D0D2DF

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/manufacturing_industrial · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.4.1 General purpose factory

An area used for manufacturing, assembly, or repairs of various products.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/general_purpose_factory · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Includes some specialised or purpose-built machinery and equipment for mass production across multiple industries.

3.4.2 Food processing factory

An area where the principal use is food processing, packaging, and preservation. The building is most likely to be purpose built and may have extensive plant and equipment included.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/food_processing_factory · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Cannery; milk production plant.

3.4.3 Major industrial complex

An area with large-scale industrial use and significant infrastructure .

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/major_industrial_complex · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Car plant, paper mill.

3.4.4 Sawmill

An area with special improvements for the processing (milling and curing) of raw timber, wood products, and by-products.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/sawmill · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.4.5 Farm buildings/infrastructure

An area with buildings, sheds, and other infrastructure associated with farm enterprises supporting agricultural operations.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/farm_buildings_infrastructure · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

If it is possible to discriminate a domestic area from a farm, the house and adjoining non-productive land should be classified as 3.1.4 Rural residential.

Example

Barns, silos, storage sheds, and irrigation systems.

3.4.6 Abattoirs

Areas with specialised improvements for the slaughter of stock and the preparation of meat for the wholesale market.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/abattoirs · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.5.0 Utilities

Land allocated to providing electricity, gas, or water; or for navigation and communication infrastructure.

#F8ADFA

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/utilities · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Change note

https://github.com/manaakiwhenua/nzsluc/issues/69

Change note

Class 3.5.0 redefined at v0.4.0 to include naviation and communciation infrastructure, which was formerly captured under class 3.6.0.

3.5.1 Fuel powered electricity generation

Facilities that produce electricity by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/fuel_powered_electricity_generation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.5.2 Hydroelectricity generation

Facilities that use the energy of flowing or falling water (typically hydroelectric dams) to generate electricity.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/hydroelectricity_generation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Includes canals and other water conveyance infrastructure associated with hydroelectricity generation.

3.5.3 Wind electricity generation

Power generation from wind, including wind farms.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/wind_electricity_generation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.5.4 Solar electricity generation

Facilities that harness sunlight using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems to generate electricity.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/solar_electricity_generation · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.5.5 Electricity substations and transmission

Facilities and infrastructure associated with distribution and transmission of electrical power.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/electricity_substations_transmission · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Substations, transformers, high-voltage transmission towers.

3.5.6 Gas treatment, storage, and transmission

Facilities and infrastructure for processing, storage, and transport of natural gas.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/gas_treatment_storage_transmission · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Treatment plants, storage facilities, pipelines.

3.5.7 Water extraction and transmission

Facilities and infrastructure for extracting, purifying, treating, and transporting water from natural sources to meet human needs.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/water_extraction_transmission · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Includes drinking water reservoirs.

3.5.8 Navigation and communication

Navigation and communication infrastructure.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/navigation_communication · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Change note

https://github.com/manaakiwhenua/nzsluc/issues/69

Change note

Notation changed from 3.6.5 to 3.5.8 at v0.4.0 when class 3.6.0 redefined to exclude navigation and communication infrastructure.

Example

Radar stations, beacons, lighthouses, TV and radio transmission towers.

3.6.0 Transportation

Land allocated to infrastructure used for the transportation of goods or people.

#72737E

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/transport · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Usage note

Zoning of land for roading or rail purposes that has not yet been constructed should be captured as attributes.

Change note

https://github.com/manaakiwhenua/nzsluc/issues/69

Change note

Redefinition of class 3.6.0 to exclude navigation and communication infrastructure, which is now captured under 3.5.8. Renamed from ‘Transport and communication’.

3.6.1 Airports/aerodromes

Locations from which aircraft flight operations take place, including areas used for the accommodation of aircraft and coordination of air cargo or passengers (including heliports).

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/airports_aerodromes · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.6.2 Roads

The full roading corridor, including sealed road areas and unsealed roadside strips.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/roads · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.6.3 Railways

Permanent rail transport tracks and associated infrastructure, including stations and terminals; includes the full rail corridor required for safety clearance.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/railways · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.6.4 Ports and water transport

Harbour locations where ships dock to transfer people or cargo, including terrestrial parts and designated marine areas that are specifically designated and controlled for activities associated with the port.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/ports_water_transport · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Usage note

The water attribute can be used to differentiate the terrestrial and marine parts of the same facility.

Example

Ports, docks, and wharves.

Example

Harbours, navigational channels.

3.7.0 Mining

Mining and extractive industries (including salt extraction from evaporation basins).

#E1CEA7

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/mining · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Usage note

Record the specific type of mining activitiy in the commodity attribute, if known.

3.7.1 Mines

Land from which minerals, precious stones or coal is being extracted, including open-cut and deep-shaft mines.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/mines · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.7.2 Quarries

Land from which stone, gravel, clay, slate, sand, soil, rock, or other construction materials are being extracted.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/quarries · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.7.3 Tailings

Tailings dumps and dams for storage or treatment of waste material left over after extraction, often stored in containment facilities or ponds (including quarrying output).

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/tailings · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.7.4 Evaporation basins

Basins and associated facilities used for evaporation of water from irrigation drainage or (predominantly) salt extraction.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/evaporation_basins · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.7.5 Extractive industry not in use

Land undergoing rehabilitation after mining activities, and unmined land within a mining permit.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/extractive_industry_not_in_use · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.8.0 Waste treatment and disposal

Land uses dedicated to managing and processing waste materials (solid waste, wastewater, stormwater), primarily associated with industrial and urban activities, to mitigate environmental impacts and protect public health.

#E77148

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/waste_treatment_disposal · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.8.1 Landfills

Designated areas for disposal of solid waste, where waste materials are deposited, compacted, and covered to reduce contamination and control emissions.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/landfills · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

Landfill gas recovery systems are classified as part of a landfill land use.

Scope note

Includes all class 1 to 5 landfills

Example

Landfills designed to receive inert construction materials.

3.8.2 Transfer stations and recycling facilities

Facilities where solid waste is collected, sorted, processed, and prepared for recycling or transfer to landfills or other disposal sites.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/transfer_stations_recycling · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.8.3 Municipal wastewater

Wastewater generated from residential, commercial, and industrial activities within urban areas requiring treatment before discharge or reuse; includes municipal wastewater ponds and sewerage pipelines.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/municipal_wastewater · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.8.4 Wastewater treatment – land application

Areas where treated municipal wastewater is applied onto land for beneficial reuse, following appropriate treatment processes to ensure environmental safety.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/wastewater_treatment_land_application · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Usage note

This is often likely to be an ancillary use.

Example

Irrigation, groundwater recharge, soil fertility enhancement.

3.8.5 Stormwater management

Infrastructure aimed at controlling and mitigating stormwater runoff to prevent flooding, erosion, and pollution.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/stormwater_management · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Example

Detention basins, drainage systems, retention ponds, rain gardens, wetlands.

3.9.0 Vacant and transitioning land

This land-use type includes areas that are currently unused or undergoing a transition from one land use to another, but in this case with a clear transition towards or within other concepts under the built environment.

#D69B97

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/vacant_transitioning_land_urban · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.9.1 Brownfield development

Areas of active redevelopment of previously developed (often industrial) land that may be abandoned, contaminated, or under-utilised, to rehabilitate and repurpose sites for new urban activities.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/brownfield_development · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Scope note

May include residential areas undergoing infill development that increase housing density.

Change note

Notation changed from 3.9.3 to 3.9.1 at v0.4.0

3.9.2 Greenfield development

Previously undeveloped or agricultural land zoned for or undergoing new construction projects or urban expansion, involving conversion of rural or natural areas into built uses.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/greenfield_development · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

3.9.3 Idle and derelict land

Derelict land and developed land that is idle.

Identifier: https://nzlum.landcareresearch.co.nz/landuse/concept/vacant_land · Turtle · JSON-LD · RDF/XML

Change note

Notation changed from 3.9.1 to 3.9.3 at v0.4.0